Mene ne theory of argumentation? Theory of argumentation shine ilimin tsari na yadda hujja take gina, mayar, kimanta, da warware. Yana rufe rhetoric, formal da informal logic, dialectic, da — a karshe — computational argumentation da ake amfani da shi a cikin artificial intelligence.
Theory of argumentation karatu ne game da hanyar da mutane ke yi wa juna hujja, ba kawai a matsayin ilimin logic ba. Ta fara da Sophists kuma aka shirya ta ta hanyar Plato's dialectic da Aristotle's Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos) da syllogistic logic, aka ci gaba da ita ta hanyar Cicero da Quintilian da medieval scholastics, kuma aka gyara ta a shekara ta 1958 ta hanyar Stephen Toulmin's model na tsarin hujja da Chaim Perelman's New Rhetoric. Rassanta muhimma sune rhetoric (sana'ar kulla), formal logic (inference daidai), informal logic da critical thinking (kimanta hujja na yau da kullum da fallacies), da dialectic (hanyar da ake yi wa juna hujja ta hanyar dialogue). Key modern frameworks sun hada da Toulmin model (claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, rebuttal), pragma-dialectics (van Eemeren da Grootendorst), Douglas Walton's argumentation schemes, James Freeman's model na tsarin hujja, da Phan Minh Dung's abstract argumentation frameworks (1995), wanda ke bari komfuta ta yi wa hujja shari'a.
Mene ne Theory of Argumentation?
Karatu ne game da yadda hujja take gina, mayar, da kimanta — fanni mai shekaru 2,400 da ke tafiya daga Girkanci na karni zuwa yadda AI ke yi wa hujja yau. Theory of argumentation shine ilimin kasa da argument mapping da structured decision-making.
An sabunta shi na karshe: 2026-07-02
TL;DR
Theory of argumentation shine ilimin tsari na yadda mutane ke yi wa juna hujja — yadda ake kulla, kai hari, da warware. Yana dogara da rhetoric (kulla), logic (inference daidai), da dialectic (hanyar da ake yi wa juna hujja ta hanyar dialogue), kuma a karshe ya zama computational: formal frameworks yanzu suna bari software ta wakilci da kimanta hujja. Amfani ya aiki shine argument mapping — kawo theory a matsayin pro/con structure da tawaga zai iya amfani da shi don yanke shawara.
Abin da Theory of Argumentation ke Karantu
Formal logic ya ce ko karshe ya biyo bayan shaida. Theory of argumentation ya ce tambaya mai zurfi, mai kumburi: yadda mutane na kasa da kasa, da maslahai da ke kulla, ke yi wa juna hujja don kai ga karshe daidai? Tana kulla hujja ba a matsayin shaida mai tsari ba, amma a matsayin aiki a cikin mayar — abin da zai iya kulla, tambaya, kai hari, da kare.
- •Yadda takaddama ke tallafawa ta hanyar shaida da hujja
- •Yadda hujjoji suke kai wa juna hari, musanya, da karyata
- •Yadda ake yarda da hujja mai karfi daga wadda ba ta da karfi ko kuma mara kyau
- •Yadda rashin amincewa za a iya warwarewa ta hanyar yarjejeniya mai tsari
Daga Sophists zuwa AI: Tarihin Mai Girma
Theory of argumentation shine daya daga cikin fannonin ilimi na tsawon shekaru. Wasu mahimman matakai:
Masu ilimin Sophist
Malaman farko na rhetoric a girka ta da aka yi la'akari da shirya ta hanyar koyo — wanda ya kafa tushe mafi farko, har ya zuwa Plato ya kaka su saboda suna neman nasara fiye da gaskiya.
Plato & Aristotle
Plato's dialogues sun nuna dialectic — neman gaskiya ta hanyar tambaya mai tsari. Aristotle ya kafa miƙa biyu: Rhetoric (shirya ta hanyar ethos, pathos, da logos) da Organon, wanda ya gabatar da syllogism da formal logic.
Cicero & Quintilian
Masu ilimin rhetoric na roman sun tsara sanya hujja da kuma suka yi ta'kidar matsayinta na kashin tsarin — shirya ta hanyar ayyuka mai kyau, ba kawai ta nasara.
Abelard & Aquinas
Masu ilimin tsakiya sun tsara logic na Aristotelian ta hanyar musanya — aikin 'for and against' wanda yake da alaƙa da tsarin pro/con.
Toulmin & Perelman
Sabon sake kunno wa yunkuri. Stephen Toulmin's The Uses of Argument ya nuna sashen hujja, kuma Chaim Perelman's New Rhetoric ya canza fagen daga formal proof zuwa yadda mutane ke shirya ta hanyar gaskiya.
Dung & computation
Phan Minh Dung's abstract argumentation frameworks ya ba fagen tushe mai tsari na computational — wanda ya baiwa tsarin AI damar yin hujja game da hujjoji wadda za ta tsira daga kai wa hari.
Rassan Theory of Argumentation
Fanni shine tsari na tsari — falsafa, harshe, psychology, shari'a, da computer science duk suna kulla. Rassanta muhimma sune:
Rhetoric
Fasahar shawo kan mutane. Hanyoyin Aristotle guda uku — ethos (amincewa), pathos (ji), da logos (hujja) — suna ci gaba da zama kalmomin aiki na yadda hujjoji ke motsa masu sauraro.
Formal logic
Shin kammalawa tana bin ka'idojinta da kyau: syllogisms, hujjar sharuɗɗa da hujjar maganganu. Tsarin da ke adana gaskiya, wanda ba ya dogara da abun ciki.
Hankali mara tsari da tunani mai zurfi
Kimanta hujjoji na gaske, na yau da kullum — gano kuskure, gwada shaidar, da hukunta tunani wanda hujjar tsari ta yi tsauri don kama.
Dialectic
Tunani ta hanyar tattaunawa da ra'ayoyi masu sabani, daga hanyar Socratic zuwa modern pragma-dialectics. Gaskiya (ko mafi kyawun amsa) tana bayyana daga sabani mai tsari.
Muhawara ta kwamfuta
Tsarin hukuma da hakar hujjoji da ke ba da damar na'urori su wakilta, su fitar, da kimanta hujjoji — reshen da ke haɗa fannin da AI. Ayyukan kwanan nan har ma suna haɗa zane-zanen hujja masu tsari kai tsaye cikin manyan samfuran harshe.
Key Frameworks
Tsarin na formal suna kulla yadda hujja take gina da kimanta. Wadanda ke da daraja:
Tsarin Toulmin
Stephen Toulmin, 1958Yana raba hujja guda ɗaya zuwa sassa shida — ikirari, bayanai, garanti, goyon baya, mai ƙayyade, da kuma ƙin amincewa. Tsarin jiki na hujja guda ɗaya.
Pragma-dialectics
van Eemeren & GrootendorstYana ɗaukar hujja a matsayin tattaunawa mai tsari wanda ke wucewa ta matakai hudu — fuskantar juna, buɗewa, hujja, da ƙarshe — wanda aka nufa don warware bambancin ra'ayi, tare da sunayen kuskure a matsayin karya dokokin.
Hanyar Rogerian
bayan Carl RogersTsarin shawo kan ra'ayi wanda aka gina akan tausayi maimakon yaƙi: bayyana ra'ayin adawa da kyau a farko, nemo ingantaccen tushe, da kuma motsawa zuwa matsayin da dukkan ɓangarorin za su iya karɓa. Abin da ya sabawa muhawara ta lashe-rashe.
Tsarin hujja na Walton
Douglas WaltonKimanin tsarin 60 na tunani na yau da kullum (ra'ayin ƙwararru, dalili zuwa sakamako, misali…), kowanne yana tare da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci da ke gwada ko yana da inganci.
Tsarin Freeman
James Freeman, 1991Yana sake fasalin hujja a matsayin musayar mai goyon baya da mai adawa, tare da shawarwari da aka haɗa ta hanyar goyon baya, ƙin amincewa, da kuma ragewa — mai ƙarfi a cikin tunani mai rikitarwa na duniya.
Hujja bisa ga ƙima da ƙima
Dung, 1995; Bench-Capon, 2003Hujjoji a matsayin nodes tare da dangantaka 'hari'; ma'anar hukuma tana yanke shawara wane saitin ne za a karɓa. Tsarin da aka gina bisa ga ƙima yana ƙara fifiko, yana kwaikwayon dalilin da yasa mutane masu hankali ke sabani. Tsarin hukuma na hujja na AI.
Don kulla-to-kulla na tsarin na fanni da yadda zake kulla zuwa visual pro/con tree, duba argument mapping.
Inda Hujja Ke Fitowa: Argumentative Genres
Theory of argumentation kuma suna kulla genres na inda hujja ke fitowa — kasa don inda structured reasoning ke zauna. Biyu axes (written vs spoken, monologue vs dialogue) suna kulla four families, tare da digital fifth:
Written monologue
Ruba'iyoyin shirya, editorial, ra'ayoyin mutane, labaran kimiyya, rubuce-rubucen shari'a.
Written dialogue
Salon salon, majalisar taro, musanyawa ta imel, hujjoji na intanet.
Spoken monologue
Hirarun siyasa, karin shari'a, gabatarwa mai shirya.
Spoken dialogue
Muhawara, tattaunawa, musanya, taro na tawaya.
Digital & multimedia
Podcasts, webinar, salon salon na intanet, sharhi na video, fina-finai.
Inda kullum hujja ke fitowa, tsarin na underlying — claims, support, da objection — zai iya kulla da mapping.
Yadda Argumentree ke Amfani da Theory of Argumentation
Argumentree yana kulla shekaru 2,400 na theory of argumentation a matsayin aiki. Pro/con argument tree shine tsarin na fanni na tsari:
Iyakoki, goyon baya, da hari
Kowane hujja tana da ikirari da aka danganta da dalilan da ke goyon baya ko suka shi — tsarin goyon bayan/maida martani/rage na Freeman, wanda aka bayyana.
Wanne gefen ya tsaya
Masu halarta suna kimanta hujjoji; kimantawa suna taruwa a cikin itacen zuwa maki na goyon baya — tambayar Dung ta 'wacce hujjoji suka tsira' an amsa ta kungiyar, ba mai tunani ba.
Gwajin tunani
Tsarawa hujjoji a fili yana bayyana raƙuman rauni, tunanin da aka ɓoye, da kuskure — al'adar ilimin tunani na ba na hukuma da tsarin hujja, wanda aka gina cikin tsarin.
Daga rubutu zuwa tsari
Fitar AI yana juya rubuce-rubuce da takardu zuwa hujjoji masu tsari — reshen hakar hujja na fannin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tarurrukan gaske.
Theory of argumentation shine foundation na argument mapping, structured decision making, da collaborative decision making. Shine theory; deciding well shine practice.
Tambayoyi Masu Yawan Yi
Me ya sa argumentation theory?
Argumentation theory shine nazari na tsari wanda ke nazarin yadda hujjoji ke ginawa, musanya, kimanta, da warwarewa. Ba kamar formal logic, wanda ke tambaya kawai in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa, argumentation theory ke nazarin hujja kamar yadda take faruwa tsakanin mutane — yadda takaddama ke tallafawa, kai wa hari, da kare.
Wane ya kafa argumentation theory?
Bai da kafa daya. Tushe yake a girka ta da — Sophist a matsayin malaman farko na rhetoric, Plato's dialectic, da Aristotle, wanda Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos) da syllogistic logic su ne tushe. Cicero, Quintilian, da masu ilimin tsakiya suka ci gaba da shi. Fagen na zamani an sake kunno shi a 1958 ta Stephen Toulmin da Chaim Perelman, kuma an bai wa tsarin na computational ta Phan Minh Dung a 1995.
Me su ne manyan rassa na argumentation theory?
Rassa huɗu na dabi'a da daya na zamani: rhetoric (shirya ta hanyar koyo, ta hanyar ethos, pathos, da logos); formal logic (in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa); informal logic da critical thinking (kimanta hujjoji na gaskiya, na yau da kullun, da gano mara kyau); dialectic (hujja ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ra'ayoyin kishin); da computational argumentation (tsarin tsari na formal da argument mining wanda ke ba makina damar wakilta da kimanta hujjoji).
Me ya sa ya bambanta rhetoric, logic, da dialectic?
Rhetoric shine shirya ta hanyar koyo; logic shine in ya biyo bayan kammala daga gabansa, ba tare da alaƙa da darsharta; dialectic shine hujja ta hanyar yarjejeniya da ra'ayoyin kishin. Aristotle ya yi la'akari da duka uku a matsayin fasali daban-daban, kuma argumentation theory ke nazarin yadda suke aiki tare a hujjoji na gaskiya.
Yadda argumentation theory ke alaƙa da argument mapping?
Argument mapping shine amfani na gani da aiki na argumentation theory. Nazari ya bai wa tsarin — Toulmin's sashen hujja, Freeman's tsarin goɗewa da kai wa hari, Dung's lissafin hujjoji wadda za su tsira. Argument mapping ya canza tsarin zuwa diagram, kuma kayan aiki kamar Argumentree ya canza diagram zuwa itacen hujja na aiki da AI.
Yadda argumentation theory ke amfani a AI?
Phan Minh Dung's 1995 abstract argumentation frameworks ya bai wa AI tsarin formal don wakilta hujjoji a matsayin node tare da alaƙa 'kai wa hari' da kimanta wadda set ɗin hujjoji za a iya amincewa. Tare da argument mining — neman claim da alaƙa daga rubutu — hakan ya bai wa tsarin AI damar goɗewa na shawarwari, hukunci na shari'a, da musanya, kuma ya ƙarfafa kayan aiki wanda ke canza rubutu da takardun zuwa hujjoji na tsari.
Tushen Bayani & Karatu Mai Zurfi
Aristotle (c. 350 BCE). Rhetoric; da Organon (Prior Analytics).
Ayyukan kafa: kiran uku (ethos, pathos, logos) da kuma lissafin syllogistic.
Toulmin, S. E. (1958). Amfanin Tattaunawa. Cambridge University Press.
Samfurin ikirari-bayanai-garanti-tallafi-mai inganci-karyata; farfadowar zamani na fannin.
View source →Perelman, C., & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1958). Sabon Rhetoric: Wani Rubutu akan Tattaunawa. University of Notre Dame Press.
Mayar da hankali kan tattaunawa akan shawo kan mutane a duniya maimakon shaidar hukuma.
van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). Tsarin Tsari na Tattaunawa: Hanyar Pragma-Dialectical. Cambridge University Press.
Tattaunawa a matsayin tattaunawa mai tsari; kuskure a matsayin karya dokoki.
Walton, D., Reed, C., & Macagno, F. (2008). Tsare-tsaren Tattaunawa. Cambridge University Press.
Game da tsare-tsaren tattaunawa 60, kowanne tare da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci don gwada shi.
View source →Freeman, J. B. (1991). Dialectics da Macrostructure na Ikirari: Wani Tsari na Tsarin Ikirari. Foris / De Gruyter.
Samfurin Freeman - goyon baya, karyata, da kuma ragewa a cikin musayar mai goyon baya-da mai adawa.
View source →Dung, P. M. (1995). Akan Karɓar Ikirari da Muhimmiyar Rawar sa a cikin Tunani Mai Tsari, Shirin Lissafi da Wasannin n-Person. Artificial Intelligence, 77(2), 321-357.
Takardar kafa ta tsarin tattaunawa na abstract.
View source →Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (2003). Shawo kan Tattaunawa a cikin Tattaunawa Mai Amfani da Tsarin Tattaunawa na Kima. Journal of Logic and Computation, 13(3), 429-448.
Yana ƙara ƙima da fifiko ga tattaunawa ta abstract.
View source →Peldszus, A., & Stede, M. (2013). Daga Tsarin Ikirari zuwa Hako Tattaunawa a cikin Rubuce-rubuce: Wani Bincike. International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence, 7(1), 1-31.
Yadda tsarin zane-zanen ikirari ya zama hako tattaunawa ta atomatik.
View source →Young, R. E., Becker, A. L., & Pike, K. L. (1970). Rhetoric: Ganowa da Canji. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Ya gabatar da ikirarin Rogerian - shawo kan mutane ta hanyar tausayi da ƙasa mai kyau, bayan masanin halayyar dan Adam Carl Rogers.
Daga theory zuwa decision da za ku iya kulla
Argumentree yana kulla shekaru 2,400 na theory of argumentation a matsayin aiki — a matsayin pro/con tree da tawaga zai iya gina, kulla ratings, da kulla. Kulla hujja zuwa better decisions.
Farai Kyauta